Deep Blue was able to exploit a weakness in chess’s armor: at the grandmaster level, to tell who is winning, you add up the pieces on the board and consider their positions. “A few hundred orders of magnitude don’t matter when you’re up in the ten to the one hundred and twenty,” Murray Campbell, a member of the I.B.M. While technically true-and mathematically possible-it does not fully explain why computers, which can’t fully compute chess or Go, have become good at one and not the other.
To say that Go is more complex than chess, though, is a little like saying that one infinity is larger than another. At that point, the average chess game is nearly half over, but Go is only beginning: the average game still has a hundred and forty moves left, each adding a new universe of possibilities. Why is this so hard for computers? In chess, it takes fifteen moves for the number of possible game states to equal the number of stars in the universe. Players score by surrounding intersections or by capturing the opponent’s pieces, each worth one point. It starts empty, and two players take turns placing circular stone pieces on vacant intersections until the game is finished-either when both sides agree to end it or one player withdraws. The board is a square with nineteen vertical and nineteen horizontal lines that cross, creating three hundred and sixty-one intersecting points. hired a cadre of experts, invested “one hundred times more hardware than anyone else had ever applied to the problem,” and was “very clever about the system-design architecture, the exact machine learning algorithms, and the insights from neuroscience,” he doesn’t know if this would be enough to make the equivalent of Deep Blue for Go. Peter Norvig, a director at Google Research and one of the founders of modern A.I., told me that, even if Google or I.B.M. No large company has invested yet in computer Go the way that I.B.M. Crazy Stone, for example, is programmed by one man, Rémi Coulom, a professor of computer science at Université Lille 3, in France.
As with computer chess in the nineteen-eighties, computer Go is dominated by individual programmers and small teams. The victory was not quite a Deep Blue moment Crazy Stone was given a small handicap, and Ishida is no longer in his prime.
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